Focus Group Discussion (FGD) is a method of data collection which is frequently used to collect in-depth qualitative data in various descriptive studies such as case studies, phenomenological and naturalistic studies). The main goal of Focus Group Discussion is to provide an opportunity for the participants to talk to one another about a specific area […]
Document Analysis According to Babbie (2010), document analysis is “the study of recorded human communications, such as books, websites, paintings and laws” (p.530). Document analysis is a method of data collection which involves analysis of content from written documents in order to make certain deductions based on the study parameters. The method is mainly used […]
Marshall and Rossman (1989) define observation as “the systematic description of events, behaviors, and artifacts in the social setting chosen for study” (p.79). This method forms the very foundation of science; it is the technique most closely related to everyday life. The method involves watching and recording the behaviour of individuals or groups, or […]
Validity (accuracy) is the degree to which a test or an instrument measures what it purports to measure (Nachmias & Nachmias, 1996). While there are various types of validity, this guide briefly describes only two types, namely face validity and content validity: Face validity: Face validity is an estimate of whether a test appears […]
Reliability is a measure of the degree to which a research instrument yields consistent results after repeated trials (Mugenda & Mugenda, 1999). An instrument is reliable when it can measure a variable accurately and obtain the same results over a period of time. Reliability is about internal consistency of research instruments; it is the […]
Data analysis is a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming and modeling data with the goal of underlining essential information, suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision making (Ader, 2008). It is the process which follows after data collection. For the purpose of this guide, two data analysis procedures, namely quantitative and qualitative are briefly highlighted: […]
Qualitative data is information gathered in a non-numeric form. Common examples of such data are: Interview guides, Field (observation) notes (notes taken in the field being studied), Video, Audio recordings, Images, Documents (reports, meeting minutes, e-mails). Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA) is the range of procedures involving various steps: from collecting data to some […]
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